KLU EEE Physics Syllabus
UNITS AND DIMENSIONS Units for fundamental and derived quantities; Systems of Units; SI system of units – rules for writing unit, derived units, multiple units and sub multiple units in SI system; Measurement for quantitative study, Accuracy and precision of measuring instruments; Errors due to external causes – constant type, systematic type and environmental type; Errors due to imperfections in experimental techniques/procedure/personal/observation – random errors, gross errors, absolute errors, mean absolute error and relative error, percentage error; errors due to addition, subtraction, multiplication division and powers of observed quantities; dimensions of physical quantities, dimensional formulae, applications and limitations of dimensional analysis.ELEMENTS OF VECTORS: Classification of physical quantities as vectors and scalars Geometrical representation of vectors – Addition and subtraction of vectors. Laws of addition of vectors – Equal and null vectors. Unit vectors – Unit vectors in Cartesian co-ordinate system – position vector and its magnitude. Parallelogram law of vectors – Expression for the resultant vector. Triangle law and polygon law of vectors – concept of relative velocity- application to relative motion of a boat in a river. Multiplication of a vector with a scalar – Scalar product with examples of work and energy – Vector product with examples of torque and angular momentum – Vector and Scalar product of unit vectors.
KINEMATICS: Description of Uniform and accelerated motion using velocity-time and position-time graphs; Concept of acceleration due to gravity – Equations of motion of freely falling body – vertically projected body from ground and tower – Projectiles with examples – Oblique projection from ground and horizontal projection from the top of tower – Path of projectile. Maximum height, time of flight and range. Concept of resultant force.
DYNAMICS: Newton’s laws of motions and their applications to objects suspended by strings; Atwood’s machine; blocks placed in contact with each other on frictionless horizontal surface; apparent weight in a lift – Impulse – Law of conservation of linear momentum (statement only) – Work –Power – Energy – Definitions and units – Expressions for P.E. & K.E – Work – Energy theorem – Law of conservation of energy – Examples – Vertically projected and freely falling bodies.
COLLISIONS AND CENTER OF MASS: Collision of two bodies in one dimension – Elastic and in-elastic collisions – One body at rest – two bodies moving in the same and opposite directions – Co-efficient of restitution, equation for height attained by freely falling body after a number of rebounds on the floor. Definition of center of mass with examples – Difference between Center of Mass and Center of gravity – Co-ordinates of center of mass; centre of mass of rigid body with homogeneous distribution of mass, thin rod, a circular ring, circular disk and sphere; Velocity and acceleration of centre of mass (Two dimensional) – Characteristics of center of mass – Explosion; Motion of centre of mass of earth-moon system. FRICTION: Causes of friction – Static, Kinetic and rolling frictions – Angle of friction – Laws of friction – Lubricants – Motion of a body on the rough horizontal plane – Pushing and pulling of lawn roller –Expression for acceleration of a body sliding down are sliding up a smooth/ rough inclined planes (without rolling).
ROTATORY MOTION: Concepts of torque and couple – Relation between angular momentum and torque – Moment of inertia – Parallel and perpendicular axes theorems – Expressions for M.I.of a thin rod, uniform disc, rectangular lamina, solid sphere and hollow sphere, circular ring and solid cylinder and hollow cylinder- Law of conservation of angular momentum with examples – Motion in vertical circle.
GRAVITATION: Basic forces in nature; Nature of gravity; Relation between Universal gravitational constant (G) and acceleration due to gravity(g); variation of “g” with altitude, depth, latitude and shape of earth; Limitations of Newton’s third Law – Universal law of gravitation – Black Hole. Idea of inertial and non-inertial frames – Inertial and gravitational masses – Escape velocity, orbital velocity and relation between them – Geo stationary Satellites and their uses.
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION: Definitions and examples – Expressions for displacement, velocity, acceleration, time period and frequency – Expressions for the time period of a simple pendulum and loaded spring – force constant, Expressions for the KE and PE of a body in SHM –Law of conservation of Energy in the case of simpl ependulum.
ELASTICITY : Elasticity & Plasticity – Stress and Strain – Hooke’s Law, Moduli of elasticity (Y, n, K) – Poission’s ratio – definition and its limit; behaviour of wire under gradually increasing load – Elastic fatigue, strain Energy – Experimental determination of Y- Searle’s apparatus. SURFACE TENSION: Surface Tension Definition and Examples – Molecular Phenomenon – Angle of contact – Capillarity with examples in nature – Experimental Determination of surface tension by capillary rise method with necessary theory. Expression for excess pressure inside a liquid drop and soap bubble.
FLUID MECHANICS: Explanation and Statement of Poisuille’s expression – Streamline flow – Stokes formula – terminal velocity – Principle of buoyancy –Pressure energy in a fluid; equation of continuity and Bernoulli’s theorem – application to aerodynamic lift and motion of spinning ball (qualitative treatment only).
TEMPERATURE AND THERMAL EXPANSION OF SOLIDS, LIQUIDS AND GASES : Vibrations of atoms in a solid –Potential Energy Curve – an harmonicity of vibrations – Explanation of thermal expansion (only qualitative treatment – No expressions)- Coefficients of linear , areal and volume expansions. The coefficients of real and apparent expansion of liquids and the derivation of the relationship between them- Variation of density of solids and liquids with temperature. Determination of coefficient of apparent expansion of liquid by specific gravity bottle method; Anomalous expansion of water and its significance in nature. Volume and pressure coefficients of gases – their relationship – Experimental determination of volume coefficient by Regnault’s apparatus; pressure coefficient by Jolley’s bulb apparatus; Kelvin Scale of Temperature- Boyle’s law and Charle’s law- Ideal gas equation – significance of universal gas constant.
THE RMO DYNAMICS: Definition of Calorie, thermal capacity, specific heat and latent heat- Experimental determination of specific heat and latent heat by method of mixtures -Joule’s law and mechanical equivalent of heat (J); Principles of heat engines and Refrigerators. Three phases of matter & triple point of water. Definitions of specific heats of gases ( Cp & Cv) – Isothermal and adiabatic processes- Relationships between P, V & T in adiabatic process; external work done by an ideal gas in adiabatic and isothermal process; Internal energy –Statements and explanation of Zero’th, first and second laws of Thermodynamics – Relationship between Cp and Cv (without using Maxwell’s Equations).
TRANSMISSION OF HEAT: Conduction of Heat – Coefficient of thermal conductivity – Convection of Heat- Nature and properties of Thermal Radiation – Prevost’s Theory of heat exchange- Emissive and absorptive power of bodies- Black body radiation – Kirchoff’s laws and its applications – Stefan’s law, Newton’s law of cooling.
WAVE MOTION AND SOUND: Longitudinal and transverse waves, equation for a progressive wave, principle of superposition of waves, reflection of waves, formation of stationary waves in stretched strings, laws of vibrating strings, Experimental verification by Sonometer; Characteristics of a sound, speed of sound in solids, liquids and gases (Only formulae to be considered); Free vibrations, forced vibrations and resonance; standing waves in organ pipes, open and closed pipes (Harmonics and overtones); Beats – definition and explanation, – Doppler Effect – Definition, Formulae for apparent frequency of a sound note for various cases (neglect wind velocity) ; Applications and limitations of Doppler Effect – Echoes, Absorption of sound Waves – Reverberation time – Fundamentals of Building acoustics – Statement of Sabine’s formulae.
RAY OPTICS AND OPTICAL INSTRUMENTS: Nature of Light – Newton’s corpuscular theory – Huygen’s wave theory – Electromagnetic wave theory, Electromagnetic spectrum; Refraction through prism; derivation of refractive index of material of prism for minimum deviation – Critical angle – Total internal reflection – Relation between critical angle and refractive index – Application of total internal reflection to optical fibers. Defects in images – Spherical and chromatic aberrations and methods of their reduction ( Qualitative treatment ) – Microscopes; Formula for magnification of simple microscope and compound microscope; Telescope; Formula for magnification of astronomical and terrestrial telescopes; Construction of Ramsden’s and Huygen’s eyepieces; Dispersion of light – Dispersive Power – Pure and impure spectra conditions for obtaining pure spectrum. Different kinds of spectra – Emission spectra-line, band and continuous spectra; Absorption spectra – significance of emission and absorption spectra; Fraunhoffer lines and their significance.
PHYSICAL OPTICS : Interference of light – Coherent sources – Conditions for interference; Young’s double slit experiment –Derivation of intensity and fringe width; uses of interference. Diffraction; Fresnel and Fraunhoffer Diffraction (without expressions) – and their Applications – Polarisation – concepts of polarization – production of plane polarised light by reflection and refraction- double refraction – Polaroids.
MAGNETISM : Coulomb’s inverse square law – Definition of Magnetic field – Magnetic lines of force, uniform and non-uniform magnetic field. Couple acting on a bar magnet placed in a uniform magnetic field. Definition of magnetic moment of magnet. Magnetic induction due to a bar magnet on axial and equatorial lines. Superposition of magnetic fields – Tangent Law – Deflection Magnetometer. Comparison of Magnetic Moments in Tan A, Tan B positions by equal distance method and null method.Verification of inverse Square Law.
Vibration magnetometer – principle and description: Experimental determination of M and BH earth’s horizontal component using vibration magnetometer. Types of magnetic materials – dia, para ferromagnetic materials; properties and uses.
ELECTROSTATICS : Charges – conservation of charge and additive property of charges; Coulomb’s inverse square law – permittivity of free space and medium – Force between two point charges; force due to multiple charges – principle of superposition with examples; concept of electric filed – Electric lines of force and their properties– Electric intensity definition – Force on a charge in an electric filed (F=Eq) – Electric intensity due to isolated charge and due to multiple charges – electrostatic potential, definition – Potential due to point charge and group of charges – relation between electrostatic potential and electric intensity; Electrostatic potential energy of a system of a charges ; electric flux – definition; Gauss Law: Statement – Application of Gauss Law to find electric intensity and electrostatic potential due to continuous charge distribution of infinite long wire and infinite plane sheet and spherical shell (only formulae). Capacitance – Definition of Electrical Capacity of a Conductor – Capacitance – Dielectric constant – Definition of Condenser, its uses – Parallel plate Condenser – formula for capacitance of parallel Plate Condenser –Dielectric, Dielectric strength – Effect of dielectric on capacitance of capacitors. Capacitors in series and in parallel – derivation of the equivalent capacitance for the series and the parallel combination; Energy stored in acondenser – Effect of dielectric on Energy of Condenser – Types of capacitors – their users.
CURRENT ELECTRICITY : Electric current – Flow of electric charges in metallic conductor – Drift velocity and mobility – Relation between electric current and drift velocity – Ohm’s Law – Statement – Ohmic and NonOhmic elements with examples – conductance – specific resistance – variation of resistivity with temperature – Variation of Resistance with temperature – Thermistor – E.M.F. of cell – Internal resistance and back E.M.F. – difference between EMF of a cell and potential difference – Electrical energy – Power and their units; definition of KWHr, Kirchoff’s laws; statement of Kirchoff’s voltage of law – Kirchoff’s current law – Application to wheatstone bridge – condition for balancing – meter bridge – determination of resistance of a conductor using meter bridge – Principle of potentiometer – determination of internal resistance and E.M.F. of a cell using potentiometer – Series and parallel combination of cells – derivation of equivalent E.M.F. for the series and parallel combination of cells.
THERMOELECTRICITY : Seebeck effect – Peltier and Thomson effects and their coefficients – variation of thermo e.m.f. with temperature – Neutral and inversion temperatures – applications of thermo couples.
ELECTROMAGNETICS : Oersted’s experiment – Biot-savart Law – Ampere Law – Magnetic field near a long straight wire and magnetic field at the center of a circular coil carrying current (with derivation) – Field on the axis of a circular coil carrying current (with expressions only)Tangent Galvanometer – principle and working – Definition of reduction factor – force on a moving charge in a magnetic field – force on a current carrying conductor in a magnetic field – force between two long straight parallel conductors carrying current – definition of ampere – Fleming’s left hand rule-current loop as a magnetic dipole, force and torque on current loop in a uniform magnetic field –magneticdipole moment of a revolving electron – principle , construction and working of a moving coil galvanometer –conversion of moving coil galvanometer into ammeter and voltmeter – comparison of M.C.G with T.G. Electromagnetic induction – Magnetic flux and induced emf- Faraday’s and Lenz’s Laws – Fleming’s right hand rule – self inductance – mutual inductance –principle of transformer. Growth and decay of charge in R.C.Circuit connected to D.C.source – Equations for charge on condenser – Current in inductor. Time constant – Definition and its significance. Alternating Currents– instantaneous, maximum and rms values of alternating current – alternating voltage applied to a pure resistor, pure inductor – pure capacitor – L-R, C-R and L-C-R (expressions for impedance and phase only).
ATOMIC PHYSICS : Discovery of electron – e/m of electron by Thomson’s method – charge of an electron byMillikan’s Oil drop method ( Principle only) – Photoelectric effect-definition – laws of photo electric emission – Einstein’s explanation of Photoelectric effect – Einstein’s photo electric equation and its experimental verification by Millikan’s method – photoelectric cells working and uses. X-rays – Production of X-rays – Coolidge tube – X-rays spectrum – Continuous X-ray spectra – characteristic X-ray spectra – Mosley’s law and its importance – Compton effect (Statement only) –dual nature of matter – DeBroglie’s hypothesis ( concepts only)- Expression for de Broglie Wavelength.
NUCLEAR PHYSICS : Composition and size of nucleus – mass defect and binding energy and their relation ( Explanations with examples) – Natural radioactivity – alpha beta and gamma radiation and their properties, radioactive decay law, half life and average life of a radioactive substance. Nuclear forces – Their properties – Artificial transmutation of elements – Discovery of Neutron – Radio isotopes and their uses – nuclear fission – chain reaction – Principle and working of a nuclear reactor – Nuclear radiation hazards – protective shielding – types of reactors – Breeder Reactor – power reactor and their uses – Nuclear fusion – energy of the sun and the stars ( Carbon – Nitrogen cycle and Proton – Proton cycle) – elementary particles.
SEMI-CONDUCTOR DEVICES AND COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS : Introduction – intrinsic and Extrinsic semiconductors (n and p type) Junction diode – p-n junction, depletion layer and barrier potential, forward and reverse bias – current voltage characteristics of junction diode – p-n diode as half wave and full waverectifier, (only qualitative treatment) Zener diode as a voltage regulator – Transistor – function of emitter, base and collector – p-n-p, n-p-n transistors – Biasing of transistors, current, voltage- Characteristics of transistor in CE configuration – Transistor as common emitter amplifier (qualitative treatment). Logic gates (OR, AND, NOT, NAND, and NOR) – Communication Systems; Elements of communication systems (block diagrams only) Bandwidth of signals (speech, TV and digital data) bandwidth of Transmission medium – Propagation of electromagnetic waves in the atmosphere, sky and space wave propagation- Modulation – Need for modulation